An ecosystem is a biological system composed of a community of living organisms (biocenosis) and their physical environment (biotope), along with the interactions between them that facilitate the exchange of matter and energy.

An ecosystem comprises living organisms—including plants, animals, and microorganisms—as well as non-living components such as soil, water, and air. The biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) components interact through the exchange of matter and energy.

Ecosystems fulfil a wide range of essential functions, including nutrient cycling, energy flow, and climate regulation. Their sustainability depends on maintaining a balance between biotic and abiotic components.

Conserving ecosystems is essential for preserving biodiversity, providing water for humans and wildlife, and mitigating climate change. Maintaining healthy and resilient ecosystems requires sustainable management of water and effective reduction of water pollution.