Сравнение практик

Другое: Methods of integrating water users and WUAs

• Использование водных ресурсов
• Использование земельных ресурсов

Страна: Кыргызстан

Область: Таласская

Страна: Казахстан

Область: Алматинская

Район: Карасайский

Water User Associations (WUAs) are located in the western and central parts of the Tien Shan Mountains - from the Fergana Valley in the west to the central part of the Tien Shan in the east, from Kazakhstan in the north to the northern part of the Pamir in the south.  The territory of Kyrgyzstan stretches for 900 km from west to east and for 410 km from north to south (approximately between latitudes of 39N and 43N).

Scale of coverage: 450 WUAs with the serviced area of 736 000 ha; the intra-farm infrastructure consisting of 22.7 thous. km of irrigation canals (including 5.5 thous. km lined and in trays), 4.3 thous. km of open and closed collector and drainage networks, over 250 pools of daily and decade-based regulation, about 20 thous. units of hydro-engineering facilities.

Предгорная зона юго-востока Казахстана. Почвы - темно-каштановые, среднесуглинистые

Дата начала: 01.01.2001

Дата окончания: 31.12.2013

Дата начала: 01.01.2014

Дата окончания: 31.12.2016

After the country obtained independence, collective and state farms split into multiple small household and country farms, and the water management sector of Kyrgyzstan faced typical transition challenges, including the following key ones:

• absence of relevant standard legal and institutional frameworks, ambiguity of land and water rights regulations;
• lack of financial means for operation and maintenance (O&M) and absence of water pricing policy;
• wear of irrigation and drainage infrastructure that led to unreliable supply and distribution of irrigation water as well as issues associated with drainage and land flooding, etc.;
• practically all intra-farm infrastructure consisting of irrigation canals, open and closed collector and drainage networks, hydro-engineering facilities were left “ownerless”.

Ирригационная эрозия почв, низкий КПД техники орошения, плохое фитосанитарное состояние полей под овощными культурами

1. Methods of integrating water users and WUAs;
2. Techniques of assessing the technical capacities of irrigation and drainage networks;
3. Training seminars on different aspects of WUA activities (administration, financial management, water use, O&M of WUA irrigation infrastructure, legal framework of WUA operation and monitoring)

Техника и технология мелкодисперсного дождевания

Actions:

Within the framework of the first World Bank Project “Intra-Farm Irrigation” (PVO-1), in the course of 5-6 years more than 450 WUAs were established which are currently independently servicing the intra-farm irrigation network supplying water to over 700 thous. ha of agricultural land. In addition, the intra-farm water supply networks of 354 WUAs were fully re-balanced from the books of rural administrations and other economic entities. 1,138 km of intra-farm irrigation and 142.3 km of collector and drainage networks, 32 day run-off ponds, 3,401 hydro-posts, etc. underwent rehabilitation.  Trainings on all aspects of WUA operation (administration, financial management, water use, O&M of WUA irrigation infrastructure, legal framework of WUA activities, monitoring) were conducted covering over 48 thous. WUA members. The Law of the KR “On Water User Unions (Associations)” was adopted (February 2002).

35 Water Management Councils covering 229.4 thous. ha of irrigated land were established. In addition, 14 Unions (Federations) of Water User Associations covering 121.7 thous. ha of irrigated land were created and underwent legal registration across the country. The purposes of such Unions are joint operation and technical maintenance of intra-farm networks located within their respective service zones.

In early 2008, the 2^nd Project “Intra-Farm Irrigation” (PVO-2) was launched to extend further support to, build the capacity of and train about 500 WUAs in all regions of the republic.  Out of them, 29 WUAs covering the irrigated area of approx. 51,000 ha executed rehabilitation operations and upgraded their irrigation and drainage systems.

Within the framework of implementing this practice, WUAs received assistance to ensure their ability to effectively and productively use the rehabilitated intra-farm irrigation systems in a sustainable manner with the special focus on water resources and assets management.

Results:

The practice facilitated capacity building of WUAs, improving of water resources management by WUAs as well as enhancing the technical capacities of intra-farm and drainage infrastructure.

Мероприятия:

Установлена система спринклера (дождевания), состоящая из полиэтиленовых труб диаметром 50 мм и собранная из 10-12 метровых сегментов. Модель спринклера - 5022 SD; давление -3,5 бар; форсунка – 3,5 мм; расход воды – 0,87 м3/час; диаметр разбрызгивания 1 спринклера – 12 м

Результаты:

Финансово-экономические:
Спринклерное орошение обеспечило по сравнению с бороздковым поливом прибавку урожая культур в следующем объеме:
• морковь - 15,64%,
• капуста - 12,78%,
• перец сладкий - 14,19%.

Технические:
• сокращается расход поливной воды (до 20%),
• исключается ирригационная эрозия почв,
• улучшается фитосанитарное состояние полей под овощами.

Lessons learnt:

The newly established farm-level institutions – Water User Associations – ensure uniform and stable delivery of irrigation water from state water management organizations to final water users.

Recommendations:

At present, the capacities of WUAs as well as WUA Unions (Federation) are rather low.  Considering the fact that WUAs represent the weakest link in water hierarchy and the role of water users in addressing the tasks of national food, water and environmental security, the government should find ways to support (first of all, financially) WUAs and WUA Unions (Federations).  Training of WUA personnel on all aspects of associations’ activities should be carried out on annual basis.

Уроки:

Данная практика продемонстрировала возможность эффективного использования воды, экономии рабочей силы, повышения урожайности сразу нескольких сортов плодоовощных культур.

Рекомендации:

Нужно широкое внедрение орошения мелкодисперсным дождеванием с использованием спринклеров как водосберегающей технологии наряду с капельным орошением и другими передовыми технологиями. Для этого водопользователи должны иметь сильные финансовые стимулы для водосбережения.

• Domestic tools (outcomes of research by domestic R&D organizations);
• Foreign tools (transfer of foreign experience)

• Отечественные инструменты (результат разработок отечественных научно-исследовательских структур)
• Зарубежные инструменты (передача зарубежного опыта)

1. Затраты на внедрение: Высокие

2. Примерная стоимость капиталовложений на 1 га:

3. Затраты на поддержание и эксплуатацию: Высокие

4. Экспертная поддержка: Не требуется

1. Затраты на внедрение: Умеренные

2. Примерная стоимость капиталовложений на 1 га:

3. Затраты на поддержание и эксплуатацию: Низкие

4. Экспертная поддержка: Требуется на стадии поддержания и эксплуатации

Project title: Intra-Farm Irrigation (PVO-1 and PVO-2).

Project duration: 2001-2013 (13 years).

Project goal and objectives: establish, develop and strengthen WUAs as well as rehabilitate intra-farm irrigation and drainage infrastructure.

Project beneficiaries: water users and WUAs.

Project implementer: Department of Water Management and Reclamation of the MoA of Kyrgyzstan

Online publications:

1. Report on performance assessment of water user associations in southern regions of the Kyrgyz Republic, 2010 (www.osce.org/ru/);
2. Presentation “Intra-Farm Irrigation Project” by Training Specialist Mr. O. Segizbayev (www.myshared.ru);
3. Specialists of the Department of Water Management of the Ministry of Agriculture examined the experience of Spain and Portugal on irrigation system management methods (more details on www.eecca-water.net);
4. Case studies: establishment of WUAs in Kyrgyzstan (more details on www.gender.cawater-info.net);
5. Presentation “Intra-Farm Irrigation Project” by Project Manager Mr. N. Dzhailobayev (download presentation);
6. “Projects and Programs in the Agricultural Sector” Bulletin, December 2008 (www.refdb.ru).

Диссертация нa сoискaниe ученой стeпeни дoктoрa филoсoфии (PhD) «Эффективность технологии мелкодисперсного дождевания (спринклерного орошения) овощных культур на юго-востоке Казахстана». Впервые для почвенно-климатических условий предгорной зоны юго-востока Казахстана была разработана технология возделывания овощных культур (капуста, морковь, перец сладкий) с применением мелкодисперсного дождевания. Разработан оптимальный режим орошения овощных культур мелкодисперсным дождеванием с использованием спринклеров. Установлено влияние спринклерного орошения на формирование биомассы и продуктивность овощных культур.

SIC ICWC

НИЦ МКВК