Facts and figures about water and salinization/desalination

 

Water, sanitation and hygiene are three intertwined determinants of the water/ill-health/poverty spectrum, considering hygiene in its broadest sense, including environmental as well as personal hygiene.

A lack of adequate sanitation is the most critical determinant of contamination of drinking water with micro-organisms.

More than 2.6 billion people – 40% of the world’s population – lack basic sanitation facilities.

Over 1 billion people around the world still use unsafe drinking water sources.

The diseases and conditions of ill-health directly associated with water, sanitation and hygiene include infectious diarrhoea (which, in turn, includes cholera, salmonellosis, shigellosis, amoebiasis and a number of other protozoal and viral infections), typhoid and paratyphoid fevers, acute hepatitis A, acute hepatitis E and F, fluorosis, arsenicosis, legionellosis, methaemoglobinaemia, schistosomiasis, trachoma, intestinal helminth infections (including ascariasis, trichuriasis and hookworm infection), dracunculiasis, scabies, dengue, filariases (including lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis), malaria, Japanese encephalitis, West Nile virus infection, yellow fever and impetigo.

Globally, between 1,085,000 and 2,187,000 deaths due to diarrhoeal diseases can be attributed to the ‘water, sanitation and hygiene’ risk factor, 90% of them among children under five.

Improvements in safe water supply, and in particular in hygiene and sanitation, could reduce the incidence of diarrhoea by about 20% and the number of deaths due to diarrhoea by more than 50%.

The simple act of washing hands at critical times (after using the toilet and handling infant faeces, before handling and eating food) can reduce diarrhoeal episodes by 33%.

Meeting the sanitation target means that an average of 140 million people per year need to gain access to sanitation every year until 2015. Compared to the average of 85 million per year that gained access between 1990 and 2002, this poses a huge challenge to governments and the international community alike.

 

The section “Did You Know…?” is taken from the 1st World Water Development Report ‘Water for People, Water for Life’, UNICEF Sanitation Statistics website and UNICEF’s Water, environment and sanitation programme website.

Facts and figures about water, sanitation and hygiene

It is estimated that some 30% of the world’s irrigated areas suffers from salinity problems and remediation is seen to be very costly.

Poor drainage and irrigation practices have led to water-logging and salinization of about 10% of the world’s irrigated lands, thereby reducing productivity.

There are significant areas of the globe where serious soil and groundwater salinization are present or have developed as a result of:

·         rising groundwater tables, associated with the introduction of inefficient irrigation with imported surface water in areas of inadequate natural drainage

·         natural salinity having been mobilized from the landscape, consequent upon vegetation clearing for farming development with increased rates of groundwater recharge

·         excessive disturbance of natural groundwater salinity through uncontrolled well construction and pumping.

Water-logging and salinization in large-scale irrigation projects are often the result of unavailable drainage infrastructure, which was not included in the engineering design in order to make projects look economically more attractive. These problems are generally associated with large-scale irrigation development under arid and semi-arid conditions, as in the Indus (Pakistan), the Tigris-Euphrates (Middle East) and the Nile (eastern Africa) river basins. The solutions to these problems are known, but their implementation is costly.

With population growth and concerns about water scarcity increasing, several countries, especially in the Middle East region, are developing desalination plants to convert saline water (e.g. sea-water, brackish water or treated wastewater) into freshwater.

The global market for desalination currently stands at about US $35 billion annually and could double over the next 15 years.

In 2002 there were about 12,500 desalination plants around the world in 120 countries. They produce some 14 million m²/day of freshwater, which is less than 1% of total world consumption.

The most important users of desalinated water are in the Middle East, (mainly Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, the United Arab Emirates, Qatar and Bahrain), which uses about 70% of worldwide capacity; and in North Africa (mainly Libya and Algeria), which uses about 6% of worldwide capacity.

Among industrialized countries, the United States is one of the most important users of desalinated water (6.5%), especially in California and parts of Florida.

 

 

The section “Did You Know…?” is taken from the 1st United Nations World Water Development Report: “Water for People, Water for Life” (WWDR1, 2003)

Welcome!

God has given Water to the World as the Holy sacrament gift and ordered not to tolerate spoiling water, for He has not done it.

In our lifetime – our days filled with perpetual race for all kinds of benefits, wealth, the lifetime of the oil idol and the golden calf, – only belief in Water and devotion to Water, its miracle cure for securing health, for soil fertility, for saving the beautiful all can put the will of God into action!

The site posts popular articles, essays and other useful information about water as a unique natural resource. We look forward to receiving your feedback regarding the site CLEAN WATER SPACE.

Nineteen gallets or the last tocsin toll

National poet of Uzbekistan
Alexander Fainberg

we-here-lived

Somewhere, far away in the infinite outer space, a spacecraft has descended on a waterless lifeless planet. Silence and total vacuum encircle it. And along all the sides of the horizon stone gallets are lying on the surface – one can see the writing cut out on the stones extant from time immemorial.

1. “You, who have arrived in here, read the tables of my history. We used to live here”.

2. “Tides of sea waves, melting snow and glaciers, rains, wells and springs, rivers and oceans – all these used to be Water. It had been granting life to grass and flowers of meadows, to trees, to every living thing, and, of course, to us – human beings”.

3. “A drop of water. A mere drop of water. – However, the entire boundless universe of ours was reflected in it. And there was nothing on the Earth that could have been more valuable than water”.

4. “I have seen too many defective shut-off cocks of water supply tubing leaking water and evaporating it. Too much poison has been discharged into purest water! And as to me, I just used to go by with no regard to this disorder.
And no thoughts had crossed my mind as to striking the bell to sound the alarm”.
And how about now? What is to be done nowadays?
It’s too late, it’s too late, and it’s too late….

5. “We have forgotten all about our thoughtlessness and insatiable craving for momentary wealth – thus making the deathbed for ourselves”.

6. “Over there – where there used to be the oceans – former submarines, airplanes and wreckage of missiles are rotting lying on the dry soil”.

7.  “Water…dried up lips whisper: “Give me water” – Water…”
“We badly need water; – goitered gazelles mumbled reaching out their necks for empty riverbeds”.
«Water… – begging wail of wolves was heard amidst dead standing trees”.

8. “Who now needs precious stones, gold, tankers full of oil? Where are all those pleasure yachts, luxurious villas together with paupers’ jerry-built shacks? All living quarters have become deserted and reduced to dust”.

9. “Water is God’s living creature and it could not indefinitely forgive us for our insanity. How many times had it warned humans through inundation and tsunami?! How many times it punished humanity in alliance with hurricanes through sinking oil tankers and flooding cities. Everything had been to no avail”.
“Will unawareness exist forever?
Who can endure tortures’ despair?
Where’s a benchmark for me to compare?
Animals’ howls at the Paradise level?

10. “Among perished birds, fish, lizards there are motionless bodies of children, men and women, elderly people…Instead of flowers and grass scents brought with breath of  spring wind, stink and decay odors reign. There is not a single cloud in the sky. What ever have we done?!”

11. “One of the keynote mistakes of ours was wrecking overuse of water. Our attitude to water had been reckless, as if it was something granted to us for good and all. But nothing can be forever. I realized it when the last drop of water on this planet started disappearing on my palm, reflecting not green hills, not leafage and conifer needles, but a hillside covered with black scorched grass.”

12. “Yesterday, looking at the sky, I wailed suffering from lack of water. I wailed like a solitary beast. I was not aware of being a human creature…”

13. “Clogging and littering water bodies granted to us including mountain springs and oceans we did not deem that our behavior had been destroying Nature – Nature that had created ourselves – and that ruin of water was our own death”.

14. “Blaze of nuclear disaster is a tragedy. But more terrifying is global aridity. We have perceived it, and it turned out to be our last cognition.”

15. “Having irresponsibly changed river channels we got salt-affected dry land instead of heavy harvest…”

16. “I cannot conceive what it was…, really. It was long ago, very long ago indeed. Torrential rain was pouring on asphalt roads. And concurrently street washer motor lorries were crawling along the roads, splashing water – fountains of pure sweet water. Was it idiocy on the part of the drivers or they were just implementing orders of their senior clerks? At any rate, both of these assumptions were beyond my understanding at that time and are still inconceivable at present”.

17. “Isn’t it assault and battery to water when murderers throw bodies of killed victims down into water with stones fixed to their necks? And how about fire pumps and hoses applied against public demonstrations? Was it the objective pursued by mountain springs giving birth to rivers breaking through rocks and making riverbeds in lowlands?”

18. “There is no getting away from the truth –
When dying, people recall their youth.
Daytime – the sun in the sky; stars – at night.
Splashes of water. Water was always right.”

19. I am the last Man on the Earth. And if you got me right, then tell to your fellow-countrymen about everything in your parts of the Universe from where you arrived here…Take care of water, spare water, protect water. Do not repeat our mistakes and misfortune…Do not repea…”

It was the last stone gallet. The rest of them were lying along all sides of the horizon and there was nobody who could have cut anything else on those gallets.

HER MAJESTY THE WATER – THE QUEEN OF LIFE (part 5)

Autor: by Alexander Fainberg
Authorized translation: by Sergei Zubkov
Illustrations: by Leyla Basharova

Is the sea pitching and rolling fast?
Yes, but let the wave be steep
to the most,
Dreamer crucified across the mast
Will be first-noticed by his Dream
from a distant spot.

I’m lazy sunbathing and fishing
in July
At the riverside biting a grass-blade
Tackling the problem: to get up or
to lie
Or to flick from the face a cool
grain of sand.

A wave’s lapped. A martin
flushed away.
A ferryman shouted at boys
in a boat…
Afresh golden peace and quiet
prevail
And water surface does not sway
my float.

Dragon-flies are suspended over
grass in the air.
Spider’s web across the sky is
motionless.
A narrow path runs through
heated haze
To the river’s low bank green
with water meadows.

Clouds in the noon sky have
stiffened fixed.
Such radiant joy’s reigning in the heart,
That there’s no way for being a skinflint
Ages for a wink of quiet bliss willing
to barter.

So…Well, craving for a quiet bliss… You have got a hope!
TV and radio airwaves are packed to capacity with alarmed voices of studio commentators. Tragic newspaper and magazine photo-accounts lash across the eyes.
“Massacre in South Ossetia…water supply – destroyed…” “Terror in Mumbai – killers came by water in boats…”
“Flood in China…Evacuated…”
“Taiga is in flames…”
“Flood is progressing in Stavropol…Water-wells jammed with silt…No drinking water available…”
It is unbearable neither to listen to nor to watch. There is Venice in Siberia. Bellowing cows fright-stricken are taken across high waters in Gondolas. Halloo! America, UN, Europe, India. Hi! My crazy world! The world of terror acts, rapists, billionaires, beggars, show-gangsters.

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